Understanding these differences is important for the correct application of a person’s rights and obligations in criminal proceedings and for ensuring a fair trial in accordance with the laws of the Slovak Republic.

Who is the accused?

According to the current legislation, an accused is a person against whom a charge has been brought under Section 206 of the Criminal Procedure Code. The accused may be a natural person who is reasonably suspected of having committed a criminal offence. An indictment is a procedural act of the law enforcement authorities, namely the investigator, who formally accuses a person of committing a certain criminal offence. This act must be documented in writing and delivered to the accused, who from that moment on has the rights and obligations laid down by law, including the right to a defence.

Rights and obligations of the accused

According to the law of the Slovak Republic, the accused has the following rights and obligations in criminal proceedings:

Rights of the accused

• Right to defence:

The accused has the right to choose a defence counsel to represent him or her in criminal proceedings. If he or she does not have sufficient financial resources, he or she may apply for the assignment of a defence counsel ex officio (at the expense of the State).

• The right to be informed:

The accused has the right to be informed of the substance of the charge, the evidence and the rights afforded by law.

• The right to remain silent:

The accused has the right to refuse to testify, and his silence cannot be used against him.

• The right to a fair trial:

The accused has the right to a fair and impartial trial within a reasonable time.

• The right to be present during criminal proceedings:

The accused shall have the right to take part in investigative measures which directly concern him or her and to ask questions of witnesses.

• Right to adduce evidence:

The accused shall have the right to present evidence and to propose the taking of further evidence.

• The right to a translator:

If the accused does not understand the language in which the proceedings are conducted, he or she shall have the right to an interpreter.

Duties of the accused

• Obligation to appear before a summons:

The accused is obliged to appear before the law enforcement authorities.

• Obligation to provide truthful data:

The accused shall be obliged to provide truthful information concerning his person, such as his home address, name and other identifying information.

• Obligation to comply with the instructions of the authorities:

The accused is obliged to follow the instructions of the law enforcement authorities, for example, when carrying out searches or other procedural acts.

These rights and obligations are enshrined in the Criminal Procedure Code of the Slovak Republic and other related legislation. If you have specific questions or need more information, I will be happy to help you.

Who is the defendant?

A defendant is a person against whom an indictment has been filed in a criminal court. This term is used after the prosecutor or other authorised authority has completed an investigation and decided that there is sufficient evidence to bring the case to trial.

Rights and obligations of the defendant under the law of the Slovak Republic

Rights of the accused

• Right of defence

The defendant has the right to choose a defence counsel to represent him throughout the trial. If he has insufficient financial means, he may apply for the assignment of an ex officio defence counsel.

• Right to be informed

The accused has the right to be informed in detail of the charges against him, including all evidence and testimony.

• The right to remain silent

The defendant has the right not to incriminate himself and his silence may not be used against him.

• Right to a fair trial

The accused has the right to a fair and impartial trial, which shall be held within a reasonable time.

• Right to present evidence and witnesses

The defendant has the right to present evidence in his/her defence and to propose the examination of witnesses.

• Right to be present at court hearings

The defendant has the right to be present at all hearings concerning his case.

• Right to an interpreter

If the defendant does not understand the language in which the proceedings are conducted, he has the right to a free interpreter.

Obligations of the accused

• Obligation to appear at court hearings

The defendant is obliged to appear at all hearings to which he is summoned.

• Obligation to provide truthful data

The defendant is obliged to provide truthful information about his/her person and to comply with the court’s instructions.

• Obligation to comply with court decisions

The defendant must respect and obey all decisions and orders of the court.

These rights and obligations are enshrined in the Criminal Procedure Code of the Slovak Republic and other legislation governing criminal proceedings. A defendant is therefore a person who faces formal charges in court and is the subject of a trial.

Explanation of the terms: suspect, accused, defendant, convicted

Suspicious

A suspect is a person who is reasonably suspected of having committed a crime but against whom charges have not yet been brought. Law enforcement authorities gather evidence and investigate circumstances that could confirm or refute the suspicion.

Accused

The accused is the person against whom a formal charge has been brought in a criminal proceeding. This status is the result of a preliminary investigation during which sufficient evidence has been gathered to charge a person with a specific offence. Charging is effected through the issuance of a charging order.

Defendant

A defendant is a person against whom an indictment has been filed in court. Once the investigation is complete and sufficient evidence has been gathered, the prosecutor files an indictment, which starts the court proceedings. At this stage of the criminal proceedings, the defendant is subject to a trial where his guilt or innocence is decided.

Convicted

A convicted person is a person who has been found guilty of a criminal offence by a final judgment of a court. After the judgment has been handed down and all legal remedies, if any, have been exhausted, the convicted person is obliged to carry out the sentence imposed, which may include, for example, imprisonment, a fine, community service or other penalties as provided for by the relevant legislation.

These terms refer to the different stages and statuses of a person in criminal proceedings, each stage having its own specific legal consequences and rights for the person concerned.

Accused and indicted in economic crime

Economic crime covers a wide range of offences relating to financial fraud, corruption, tax evasion and other illegal activities in the economy. In the context of criminal proceedings, the terms ‘accused’ and ‘defendant’ are important, as they refer to different stages of the process and have their own specificities also in the context of economic crime.

Accused in economic crime

The accused in an economic crime is the person against whom charges have been brought on the basis of the preliminary investigation and the evidence gathered. Charges may include suspected offences such as:

• Tax evasion
• Corruption and bribery
• Unauthorised business
• Money laundering
• Misuse of information in commercial dealings

Defendant in economic crime

A defendant in an economic crime is a person against whom an indictment has been filed in court after an investigation has been completed and sufficient evidence has been gathered. An indictment is a formal act by which the prosecutor presents a case to the court for determination.

Economic crime is often complex and requires thorough investigations, and suspects of such crimes must be guaranteed all procedural rights to ensure a fair and impartial trial.

In conclusion

These differences are important not only from a legal perspective, but also for understanding the procedural rights and obligations of those involved in criminal proceedings. A proper distinction between the accused and the defendant ensures that legal procedures are followed and cases are dealt with fairly, thereby strengthening public confidence in the legal system.

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Basic concepts in personal bankruptcy

On the topic of personal bankruptcy, it is important to understand the basic terms that are often used in this area. Below is an overview and brief description of the most common terms associated with personal bankruptcy:

• Personal bankruptcy: is the legal status of a person who is unable to pay his debts and who files for bankruptcy in order to solve his financial problems.
• Debtor: a person who has financial obligations and who is responsible for repaying debts.
• Creditor: the person or organisation to whom the debtor owes money.
• Bankruptcy: a formal process in which a debtor’s assets are sold to satisfy creditors’ claims. This means losing (usually) all assets (if any).
• Repayment schedule: the debtor retains the assets but repays his debts according to a set repayment schedule.
• Insolvency administrator (insolvency practitioner): the person or organisation appointed to manage the insolvency process, including the sale of the debtor’s assets and the distribution of the proceeds to creditors.
• Restructuring: is the process of rearranging the debts and liabilities of a debtor to enable it to repay its debts on modified terms.
• Debt relief: is a process whereby some or all of a debtor’s debts are forgiven when certain conditions are met.
• Liabilities: the total debts and liabilities that the debtor has.
• Assets: all values and assets that the debtor owns and that can be used to repay debts.
• Secured creditor: a creditor to whom the debtor owes money and who has security (e.g. real estate) in case the debtor defaults.
• Unsecured creditor: a creditor who has no specific security for a debt held by the debtor.
• Moratorium: is a temporary period of cessation or postponement. In the context of finance and personal bankruptcy and law, the term is most commonly used to refer to a period during which certain activities are temporarily suspended, especially in relation to debt repayment. A moratorium may be established by legislation or by agreements between the parties involved.
• Liquidation: the process of selling a debtor’s assets to repay debts.

These terms may have slightly different definitions or nuances in different jurisdictions, so it is important to consult a professional or lawyer in the relevant field before making any decisions regarding personal bankruptcy.

Reasons for declaring personal bankruptcy

Declaring personal bankruptcy is a serious decision that has long-term consequences. Personal bankruptcy is often seen as a last resort for individuals who find themselves in a difficult financial situation. Although the reasons may vary depending on individual circumstances, there are several common reasons why people declare personal bankruptcy:

• Excessive debt: many people get into financial trouble because of excessive loans that they are unable to repay.
• Medical expenses: unexpected health problems and related expenses can lead to financial problems.
• Loss of employment: loss of income due to unemployment can quickly lead to an inability to repay debts (mortgage, loans, leases, etc.).
• Divorce: the end of a marriage can bring significant financial burdens due to legal costs, division of property or maintenance obligations.
• Business Failure (CSR): small business owners whose business fails may face large debts they cannot repay.
• Lack of financial literacy: failure to manage personal finances properly can lead to poor decisions and increased debt.
• Accidents or unforeseen events: natural disasters or accidents that cause property damage can cause significant financial hardship.
• Addiction: problems with drugs, alcohol or gambling can lead to excessive spending and financial instability.

Declaring personal bankruptcy should be the last resort after all other options have been explored. It makes sense to consult with a financial advisor or a lawyer specializing in bankruptcies to assess all the options and consequences of such a move.

How personal bankruptcy works

The process of personal bankruptcy usually goes as follows:

• Pre-bankruptcy counselling: financial counselling is required before declaring bankruptcy. The aim is to provide the individual with information about bankruptcy and possible alternatives.
• Filing for bankruptcy: the person wishing to declare bankruptcy files an application for bankruptcy with the competent court. The application is often accompanied by documents relating to income, debts, assets and other financial information.
• Bankruptcy trustee: after the filing of the petition, a bankruptcy trustee is often appointed to oversee the entire bankruptcy process and is tasked with managing the debtor’s assets, satisfying creditors’ claims, and performing other acts prescribed by law.
• Suspension of foreclosures and claims: in most cases, bankruptcy provides some protection from creditors, which means that creditors cannot pursue foreclosures or other legal proceedings against the debtor when bankruptcy is declared.
• Sale of assets: the debtor’s assets can be sold to satisfy creditors’ claims. There are some exceptions where certain assets (e.g. basic housing, basic household appliances) are not included in the sale.
• Satisfaction of creditors: the proceeds from the sale of the debtor’s assets are used to satisfy creditors’ claims in the order provided for by law.
• Debt cancellation: after the bankruptcy process is completed, the remaining uncovered debts are usually wiped out. However, there are exceptions; some types of debts cannot be excluded from cancellation, such as fines, child support or student loans.
• Completion of bankruptcy and consequences: once the bankruptcy process is completed, a person can be formally declared “free” of his or her debts. However, declaring bankruptcy can have long-term negative consequences for credit history and the ability to obtain loans in the future.

Personal bankruptcy laws

In Slovakia, personal bankruptcy is mainly mentioned in Act No. and subsequent amendments. This Act lays down the rules for bankruptcy and restructuring proceedings in Slovakia, including bankruptcy proceedings concerning natural persons – non-business persons, i.e. personal bankruptcy.

Does personal bankruptcy also apply to entrepreneurs?

Yes, personal bankruptcy can also apply to entrepreneurs. In Slovakia, a natural person – an entrepreneur (i.e. a sole trader or self-employed self-employed person) can, in the event of bankruptcy, file a petition for a bankruptcy discharge, i.e. apply for a so-called “bankruptcy bankruptcy”. personal bankruptcy.

Debt relief for natural persons – entrepreneurs is more complex and may have more significant consequences for their business activities. Therefore, in such cases it is even more important to consult a specialist or attorney specializing in insolvency law.

Frequently asked questions about personal bankruptcy

Frequently asked questions about personal bankruptcy:

What is personal bankruptcy?

Personal bankruptcy, also called personal bankruptcy, is a legal process by which a debtor discharges his or her debts. The debtor files for bankruptcy with the court and the court reviews his or her financial situation. If the court finds that the debtor is unable to repay his debts, it declares him bankrupt.

Who can apply for personal bankruptcy?

Any natural person who is unable to repay his/her debts can apply for personal bankruptcy. This means that the debtor must have a number of debts that he or she cannot repay on time and in full. The debts must be provable, i.e. they must be supported by invoices, contracts or other documents.

What are the conditions for declaring personal bankruptcy?

To declare personal bankruptcy, the debtor must meet the following conditions:

• He must have several debts.
• He must be unable to repay his debts on time and in full.
• Debts must be provable.
• The debtor must not have an enforcement proceeding pending in court on a claim that is included in the bankruptcy estate.
• The debtor must not have been approved for bankruptcy in the previous 10 years.

What are the consequences of personal bankruptcy?

The consequences of personal bankruptcy are as follows:

• The debtor’s debts are forgiven. This means that the debtor is no longer obliged to repay them.
• The debtor is prohibited from transferring property. The debtor may not transfer his property to other persons without the consent of the bankruptcy trustee.
• The debtor is prohibited from entering into new commitments. The debtor may not enter into new contracts which would give rise to new debts without the consent of the insolvency administrator.
• The debtor is entered in the Register of defaulters. This may have a negative impact on his credit history.
• Bankruptcy proceedings can take up to 3 years. During this period, the debtor is obliged to cooperate with the insolvency administrator and provide him with all necessary information.

Which famous celebrities have used personal bankruptcy?

Several well-known celebrities have used personal bankruptcy, whether because of bad business decisions, uncontrolled spending, lawsuits or other reasons. Some of these celebrities who are media famous and have presented themselves by availing personal bankruptcy are:

• Mike Tyson: a former professional boxer who in the 90. The former boxer, who earned hundreds of millions of dollars, filed for bankruptcy in 2003, when he had debts of around $23 million.
• Kim Basinger: The American actress filed for bankruptcy in 1993 after breaking her contract and reneging on a verbal agreement to appear in the film “Boxing Helena”.
• MC Hammer: rapper who in the 90. In 1996, Hammer, who had acquired a huge fortune in the 90s, filed for bankruptcy with debts of approximately $13 million.
• Gary Coleman: the actor from the “Diff’rent Strokes” series filed for bankruptcy in 1999 after a series of financial and legal problems.
• Nicolas Cage: although he didn’t go through formal bankruptcy, he was known for his financial problems.

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Pensions in 2024 were indexed in two steps:

• From 1. January 2024: Pensions granted before 2024 increased by 3.6% and those granted in 2024 by 14.5%.
• From 1. July 2024: All pensions increased by an extraordinary 5.22%.

Thanks to these two valorisations, pensioners in 2024 had their pensions significantly increased.

However, it should be noted that the situation may change during 2024. If there is an unforeseen rise in inflation, the government could consider an extraordinary indexation of pensions also in 2024.

When pensions are paid

Pensions in Slovakia are paid in advance in regular monthly instalments.

The pension due date is determined by the Social Insurance Institution for each pensioner individually.

Pensions are usually paid on the following dates:

• Retirement pension: 20. 20th day of the month
• Early retirement pension: 20. day of the month
• Disability pension: 20. 20th day of the month
• Widow’s and widower’s pension: 20. 20th day of the month
• Orphan’s pension: 20. 20th day of the month

If the pension due date is a public holiday or weekend, the pension is paid on the next working day.

The pension can be paid in different ways:

• To the pensioner’s bank account: This is the most common way to pay your pension. The pensioner can choose any bank in Slovakia.
• In cash: the pensioner can withdraw his pension in cash at a branch of the Slovak Post.
• Spouse‘s account: the pensioner can request that the pension be transferred to his/her spouse’s account if the spouse agrees.
• To the account of a special recipient: The pensioner can request that the pension be transferred to a special recipient account if he or she is unable to collect the pension himself or herself.
• To a social services facility: a pensioner who is placed in a social services facility can apply for a pension transfer directly to the facility.
• To a detention or custodial institution: a pensioner who is in custody or serving a sentence can apply for a pension to be transferred to an institution.
• On behalf of the Order: a pensioner who is a member of the Order may request that his pension be paid into the Order’s account.

Článok When will it be paid 14.
Pension je zobrazený ako prvý na Highgate.

1. Valorisation from 1. January 2024

• Pensions granted before 2024 increased by 3.6%. This indexation percentage was determined according to a formula taking into account the annual growth in consumer prices for pensioners’ households for the first half of 2023, which amounted to 14.5%.
• Pensions granted in 2024 increased by 14.5%. This indexation percentage corresponds to the year-on-year increase in consumer prices for pensioner households for the first half of 2023.

2. Extraordinary increase in pensions from 1. July 2024

• The government also approved an extraordinary increase in pensions by 5.22% effective from 1. July 2024. This extraordinary increase applies to all pensioners, regardless of when they were awarded their pension.

What is pension indexation

Pension indexation is the process of periodically adjusting pension benefits to maintain their real value over time. Pensions are indexed in response to increases in the prices of goods and services, so that pensioners retain at least some of the purchasing power they had during their working lives.

How pensions are indexed in Slovakia

• The Social Security Act provides for an indexation formula that takes into account consumer price increases for retiree households.
• Valorisation is carried out twice a year, usually 1. January and 1. July.
• The amount of the indexation shall be calculated as the sum of the average inflation for the previous year and the one-off indexation.
• The one-off indexation is determined on a year-by-year basis and may take into account various factors such as economic developments, the state of public finances and demographic trends.

Implications of pension indexation:

• Pension indexation has a positive impact on the living standards of pensioners, as it allows them to cover the rising cost of living.
• However, the amount of indexation cannot always fully compensate for inflation, so the real value of pensions may decline slightly over time.
• Pension valorisation is an important social policy instrument by which the state ensures a dignified life for the elderly.

In addition to indexation, there are other mechanisms that affect the level of pensions, such as the duration of pension insurance and the level of the assessment bases.

Why pensions are indexed

Pensions are indexed for two main reasons:

1. Preserving the fair value of pensions:

The aim of indexation is to compensate for rising prices of goods and services so that pensioners retain at least some of the purchasing power they had during their working lives. Without indexation, pensions would lose their value and pensioners would have to cope with a declining standard of living.

2. Fairness to workers:

Pension indexation is also important from the point of view of fairness to workers. If pensions were not valorised, there would be a disproportionate gap between the living standards of workers and pensioners. Workers would have to finance the rising cost of living, while pensioners would have a stagnant income.

Pension valorisation is therefore an important social policy instrument by which the state ensures a dignified life for the elderly and at the same time maintains fairness in society.

In addition to these two main reasons, there are other arguments for pension indexation

• Supporting the domestic economy: indexed pensions increase pensioners’ incomes, stimulating consumption and supporting the domestic economy.
• Reducing the risk of poverty: pension indexation helps to reduce the risk of poverty among older people and ensure decent living conditions.
• Demographic developments: the ageing of the population is increasing the number of pensioners and therefore pension indexation is important to maintain the stability of the pension system.

However, it is important to note that pension indexation is not seamless. It sometimes happens that the pace of indexation does not keep pace with price rises, and therefore the real value of pensions may fall slightly. In addition, the financing of indexation is a burden on the state budget.

Pension indexation is therefore a complex issue with various aspects to be taken into account. Nevertheless, it is important that pensions are valorised so that pensioners can maintain a dignified life and a fair share of society’s wealth.

Who decides on the indexation of pensions

In Slovakia, a number of entities decide on pension indexation, but the final responsibility lies with the Government of the Slovak Republic.

The valorisation process is as follows:

• The Ministry of Labour, Social Affairs and Family of the Slovak Republic collects data for valorisation, such as data on the growth of prices of goods and services for pensioners’ households.
• The Social Insurance Institution of the Slovak Republic calculates the valorisation proposal on the basis of a statutory formula.
• The proposal for valorisation is submitted for comments to the Social Council of the Slovak Republic, which is composed of representatives of employers, employees and the state.
• Based on the comments of the Social Council of the Slovak Republic, the Government of the Slovak Republic will approve the valorisation of pensions in the form of a regulation.
• The Slovak Government Decree on the valorisation of pensions shall be publicly announced in the Collection of Laws of the Slovak Republic and shall enter into force as of 1. January or 1. July of the relevant year.
• In addition to the above-mentioned entities, other institutions, such as the National Bank of Slovakia and the Institute of Economic and Social Analyses, may also be involved in the process of pension indexation. These institutions provide the Government of the Slovak Republic and the Social Council of the Slovak Republic with expert opinions on the proposed valorisation.

It is important to note that pension indexation is a political process that takes into account various factors such as the economic situation of the country, the fiscal capacity of the state and the social demands of pensioners.

The aim of indexation is to strike a fair balance between preserving the real value of pensions and the sustainability of the pension system.

Frequently asked questions about valorisation

How much will pensions increase in 2024?

Overall, pensions will increase by 18.1% in 2024. This percentage takes into account inflation and average wage growth from the previous year.

When will the increase in pensions take effect?

Pension increases will take effect from January 2024. The new pension amount will be applied automatically in the monthly pension payments.

Do I have to apply for valorisation?

No, there is no need to apply for valorisation. Pension increases will be applied automatically to all recipients of pension benefits.

What pensions will be indexed?

All types of pension benefits will be valorised, including old-age pensions, early retirement pensions, invalidity pensions, widow’s pensions, widower’s pensions and orphan’s pensions.

How is pension indexation calculated?

Pension indexation is calculated on the basis of a percentage that is the average of inflation and average wage growth in the previous year.

How do I find out my new pension amount?

The Social Insurance Institution sends information letters to all recipients of pension benefits with details of the pension increase and the specific amount of the pension from January 2024. You can also contact a branch of the Social Insurance Institution or visit its website.

Will the valorisation also apply to the minimum pension?

Yes, the indexation also applies to the minimum pension. The minimum pension will also be increased according to a fixed indexation percentage, ensuring that minimum pension recipients will also have their benefits increased.

How will valorisation affect invalidity pensions?

Invalidity pensions will be indexed at the same percentage as other pensions. The increase will be reflected in monthly payments from January 2024.

Can the indexation still change during 2024?

The indexation percentage is set for the full year 2024 and usually does not change during the year. The exception would be unexpected legislative changes that would have to be approved by the government or parliament.

In conclusion

The pension indexation for 2024 brings a significant increase to take account of the current economic situation and the rising cost of living. This increase is important to maintain pensioners’ living standards and ensure their financial stability. Any further information and details will be regularly updated and provided by the Social Insurance Institution.

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A deposit machine is a special type of ATM that serves one main purpose, depositing cash into your bank account. It acts as a sort of money box for the bank, which instantly credits the money to your account.

Deposit machines can be found in various locations, for example:

• In bank branches
• In shopping centres
• In other public places with a high human presence

With deposit machines, you don’t have to go directly to the bank during opening hours and wait in line to deposit cash. It’s a fast and convenient way to manage your money.

Advantages of the deposit machine

Deposit machines offer a number of advantages over traditional cash deposit at a bank:

Convenience with cash deposits

• Accessibility: deposit machines are often available outside bank opening hours, so you can deposit cash whenever it suits you.
• Speed: Depositing cash via a deposit machine is much faster than waiting in line at the bank.
• No need to visit the bank: you don’t have to adapt to the bank’s opening hours or travel to a branch. You can deposit cash for routine purchases or other activities.

Security of deposit machines

• Modern security features: deposit machines are equipped with cameras, sensors and alarms to protect your money from theft.
• Deposit confirmation: after depositing cash, you will receive a transaction receipt that serves as proof of the amount deposited.

Other advantages of deposit machines

• Suitable for smaller and larger deposits (depending on the bank’s limit): deposit machines are suitable for depositing smaller and larger amounts of cash (limits are set by each bank separately).
• Ease of use: the deposit machine is simple and intuitive to use. Just follow the on-screen instructions.
• In some cases, deposit machines can also be more advantageous in terms of fees: some banks charge fees for depositing cash at a branch, while depositing via a deposit machine can be free. However, it is important to check with your bank about fees, as practice may vary.

Deposit machines offer a convenient, fast and secure way to deposit cash into your bank account. Their out-of-hours availability and ease of use make them a convenient alternative to depositing money at the bank.

Deposit machine parameters

Deposit machine parameters may vary between banks and models, but in general there are a few key parameters that are good to know:

Accepted banknotes

• Denominations: deposit machines usually accept banknotes in common denominations such as €5, €10, €20 and €50. Some deposit machines can also accept higher denominations, such as €100 and €200.
• Condition of banknotes: deposit machines usually accept undamaged and unstamped banknotes. The condition of the banknotes is usually checked automatically. Damaged banknotes may not be accepted by the machine.

Deposit limits at the deposit machine

• Minimum deposit amount: most deposit machines have no minimum deposit amount.
• Maximum deposit amount: banks usually set a maximum amount that you can deposit through a deposit machine in one go. This limit is usually higher than the limit for cash withdrawals from ATMs.

Deposit machine functions

• Deposit to a specific account: most deposit machines allow you to deposit cash into a specific account linked to your bank card.
• Multiple deposits: some deposit machines allow you to deposit money in different denominations at the same time (both notes and coins).
• Banknote sorting: modern deposit machines can automatically sort and count the inserted banknotes.
• Deposit confirmation: after a successful deposit, the deposit machine will print a transaction receipt for you.

Safety features

• Cameras: deposit machines are equipped with cameras that monitor the area around the deposit machine and the process of depositing money.
• Sensors: deposit machines may have sensors to detect foreign objects or tampering attempts.
• Alarms: they are usually equipped with an alarm system that is triggered in the event of an attempted theft.

What banks have a deposit machine?

Deposit machines are available in most banks in Slovakia. The exact number and location of deposit machines varies from bank to bank, but you will find them in various towns and villages across Slovakia.

Banks with deposit machines include:

• Slovak Savings Bank
• VUB Bank
• Tatra banka
• Prima Bank
• CSOB
• UniCredit Bank
• Mbank
• Fio Bank
• 365.bank
• OTP Bank

In addition to bank branches, you can also find deposit machines in:

• Shopping malls
• Hypermarkets
• Tesco
• Bill
• Kaufland
• At the petrol pumps
• At railway stations
• At bus stations

Is there a deposit machine for cryptocurrencies?

Yes, there are cryptocurrency deposit machines, sometimes called crypto ATMs or Bitcoin ATMs. These devices allow users to buy or sell cryptocurrencies, most commonly Bitcoin, for cash. Some crypto ATMs also allow transactions with other types of cryptocurrencies such as Ethereum, Litecoin and others.

Crypto ATMs are widespread in many countries around the world and their number is growing. These ATMs typically require verification of the user’s identity to protect against fraud and to comply with regulatory requirements. Features and procedures may vary depending on the specific ATM and its location. For example, Bitcomat is used for cryptocurrencies.

How much money can be deposited via the deposit machine?

The maximum amount you can deposit via a deposit machine varies depending on the bank and the specific deposit machine.

Generally, however, the maximum deposit limits are between €5,000 and €20,000 per deposit. Some banks may have lower limits, such as €2,000 or €3,000.

You can check the exact deposit limit for your bank and deposit machine:

• On your bank’s website: most banks inform about deposit machine limits on their website in the section dedicated to deposit machines.
• On your bank’s mobile app: some banks also display this information on their mobile app.
• Directly on the deposit machine: the maximum deposit limit should be indicated on the display of the deposit machine.
• Telephone the bank’s helpline: if you have any questions, you can contact your bank’s helpline.

The limits for deposits into deposit machines vary between different Slovak banks.

Frequently asked questions about DepositMate

What is a vkladomat?

A deposit machine is an automated machine that allows bank customers to deposit cash into their bank accounts. Deposit machines are commonly found in bank lobbies, shopping malls and other public places.

How does the depositomat work?

Using the deposit machine is relatively simple. Just follow the on-screen instructions:

1. Insert your bank card into the deposit machine.
2. Enter your card PIN.
3. Select the “Deposit cash” option.
4. Insert the banknotes into the slot of the cash dispenser.
5. The deposit machine will count the deposited notes and display the amount of the deposit.
6. Confirm the deposit and take the transaction receipt.

What banknotes does the deposit machine accept?

In general, deposit machines accept banknotes in denominations of €5, €10, €20 and €50. Some machines also accept €100 and €200 notes. You can find information about which banknotes are accepted by a particular machine on the machine’s display or on your bank’s website.

How much cash can I deposit into the machine at one time?

The maximum amount you can deposit into a deposit machine may vary depending on the bank and the specific deposit machine. Please refer to the deposit machine display or your bank’s website for information on the maximum deposit amount.

Is it safe to deposit cash into a cash machine?

Deposit machines are equipped with various security features that protect the deposited money from theft. These features include cameras, sensors and alarms. While it is generally safe to deposit cash into a deposit machine, it is important to observe the following security precautions:

• Only deposit money in deposit machines that are located in secure and well-lit areas.
• Never leave unattended any banknotes you want to insert into the machine.
• After inserting the notes, take the transaction receipt and keep it in a safe place.
• If you have any doubts about the security of the deposit machine, please contact your bank.

What are the fees for depositing cash into the cash machine?

Some banks charge a fee for depositing cash into a deposit machine. The amount of the fee may vary depending on the bank and the type of account. Please refer to your bank’s website for information on cash machine fees.

Where can I find the nearest deposit machine?

Most banks have a map on their website with the location of the deposit machines. Deposit machines can also be found in bank lobbies, shopping centres and other public places.

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Marital community of property is a legal regime in many legal systems that concerns the property relations between spouses. Under this regime, property acquired by the spouses during the marriage is considered to be the common property of both spouses, regardless of who acquired the property or who paid for it.

In the Slovak Republic, the community of property of spouses is regulated by the Civil Code. This regime means that all property acquired by the spouses during the marriage falls under the community of property, unless expressly excluded (e.g. by donation or inheritance). This includes income from work, business, but also things acquired in exchange for joint property.

Joint ownership means that both spouses have equal rights and obligations in respect of the community property and both must agree to its more significant legal dispositions, such as the sale of the property or other dispositions of the property above a certain value. After divorce, the community property is usually divided equally between the two spouses.

What is the essence of the community of spouses

The essence of the community of spouses (BSM) is the joint ownership by both spouses of property acquired during the marriage. This means that both spouses have equal rights and obligations in respect of these assets, regardless of who actually acquired them or from what sources.

Main principles of BSM:

• Equality: both spouses have an equal share in the community property, i.e. 1/2.
• Solidarity: both spouses are jointly and severally liable for debts incurred during the marriage.
• Equitable division: on dissolution of the BSM, the property is usually divided into two equal parts. However, the spouses can also agree on a different division ratio.
• Protection of the family: the BSM also serves to protect the family and the children so that they have the material conditions for life.

The essence of BSM differs from ordinary community of property in the following aspects:

• Automatic formation: BSM is created automatically upon marriage, as opposed to community of property, which must be created by agreement between the parties.
• Legal regime: BSM is regulated by law and deviations from it are only possible to a limited extent, whereas community of property is governed by the contractual freedom of the parties.
• Universal character: the BSM includes all property acquired during the marriage, with exceptions, while the community of property includes only property that the parties have expressly included in it.

BSM is a complex legal institution with various aspects. If you have any questions about BSM, I recommend that you contact a lawyer who can give you expert advice with regard to your specific situation.

Can BSM be changed?

Yes, the community of spouses (BSM) can be changed or excluded completely by agreement between the spouses. This agreement is called a marriage contract or prenuptial agreement if it is concluded before the marriage. A marriage contract allows the spouses to adjust their property rights and obligations according to their needs and wishes.

The marriage contract may provide that certain assets which would otherwise fall under community of property are to be excluded and treated as the personal property of one of the spouses. It may also provide for other property regimes, such as community of property or complete separation of property.

A change of property regime through a marriage contract must comply with the law and usually requires a notarial form to be valid and have legal effect. It is important for spouses to consult a lawyer who specialises in family law before entering into such an agreement to ensure that their agreement is legally correct and takes into account all aspects of their situation.

Example for extending the scope of the BSM:

Situation:
Peter and Zuzana are getting married and want to include in the BSM the flat that Peter inherited from his grandmother before the marriage.

Solution:
Peter and Susan cannot automatically include the apartment in the BSM because it is property that Peter acquired before the marriage. However, there are two ways to include the apartment in the BSM:

1. Agreement on the extension of the BSM:

• Peter and Susan enter into a written agreement on the extension of the BSM, in which they state that the flat that Peter inherited from his grandmother becomes part of the BSM.
• The agreement must be in writing and certified by a notary public.
• Once certified by a notary, the agreement becomes binding on both spouses and the apartment becomes part of the BSM.

2. Inserting the apartment into the BSM after its acquisition:

• Peter and Susan wait for Peter to register the flat in his name at the Land Registry.
• After the apartment has been transferred to Peter, Peter and Zuzana conclude a written agreement on the insertion of the apartment into the BSM.
• The agreement must be in writing and does not have to be certified by a notary public.
• Once the agreement is signed, the apartment becomes part of the BSM.

Example for narrowing the scope of the BSM:

Situation:
Jan and Maria have been married for 10 years. During their marriage they bought a house from BSM. John has an inherited cottage which he wants to exclude from the BSM.

Solution:
John and Mary cannot unilaterally exclude the cottage from the BSM because it is a property that belongs to the BSM. However, there is one way to do it:

1. Agreement on the narrowing of the BSM:

• John and Mary conclude a written agreement on the reduction of the BSM, in which they state that the cottage that John inherited is excluded from the BSM.
• The agreement must be in writing and certified by a notary public.
• Once certified by a notary, the agreement becomes binding on both spouses and the cottage becomes the sole property of Jan.

An agreement on the reduction of the BSM can only be concluded during the marriage. The agreement on the reduction of the BSM must not infringe the rights of the other spouse. This means that John and Mary must agree in the agreement on an equitable settlement regarding the family home, which is still in the BSM. If you are in any doubt, it is advisable to contact a lawyer who can advise you on the legal aspects of narrowing the BSM.

In addition to the cottage, other assets can also be excluded from the BSM in this way. However, the above procedures must always be followed and the principles of fairness and protection of the rights of both spouses must be respected.

What (doesn’t) belong in the BSM?

What belongs to the BSM?

The community of spouses (BSM) includes all property acquired by the spouses jointly or by one of them during the marriage, with exceptions:

Things that do not belong to the BSM:

• Property acquired by inheritance or gift by one of the spouses.
• Things serving, by their nature, the personal or professional needs of only one spouse.
• Things issued in the context of restitution of property to one of the spouses.
• Property acquired before the marriage, if the spouses have not put it in writing in the BSM.
• Proceeds from the sale of property that was the sole property of one of the spouses before the marriage.
• Property acquired by one of the spouses through criminal activity is not included in the property of the matrimonial property regime.

Examples of things that belong to the BSM:

• Salaries and wages of both spouses
• Savings on current accounts and passbook accounts
• Jointly acquired property (house, flat)
• Jointly acquired car
• Jointly acquired household equipment
• Income from investments acquired jointly during the marriage

What happens to the BSM on dissolution of the marriage?

On dissolution of the marriage, the BSM is settled. This means that the property belonging to it is divided between the spouses. As a rule, it is divided into two equal parts, but the spouses can also agree on a different division ratio. In the event of a dispute, the court will divide the property according to the principles of equity. The duration of the marriage, the contribution of both spouses to the common household and the care of the children are also taken into account when settling the BSM. The spouses can regulate the BSM by a marriage contract, but it cannot be excluded completely.

Are wages included in the BSM?

Yes, one spouse’s salary belongs to the community property of the spouses (BSM). This means that it is part of the spouses’ community property, which they dispose of jointly. Wages used by one spouse for personal needs, such as buying clothes or gifts for themselves, are not part of the BSM. Even if the wages are part of the BSM, the spouse who receives them can dispose of them independently, as long as they do not do so to the detriment of the other spouse or the joint family. In practice, this means that the spouse can use his/her wages, for example, to pay for current household expenses, invest in joint property or buy something for himself/herself. However, if the husband spent all his wages on gambling or buying a luxury car for himself, the other spouse could claim his share of those wages. In addition to wages, other income from work, such as fees, bonuses, pensions and maternity leave, also belongs to the BSM.

Inheritance and BSM

Inheritance and its relationship to the community of property (CPL) is an important aspect to be taken into account in the administration of matrimonial property. Under the law in Slovakia and in many other jurisdictions, an inheritance belongs to the personal property of the spouse who receives it and is not automatically included in the community of property of the spouses.

In practice, it is important for spouses to be clear about how assets are classified and what their expectations and plans are for their future use or distribution, especially where significant assets such as inheritances are involved.

Does the car belong to the BSM?

Yes, a car may belong to the BSM, but it may not under certain circumstances.

When a car belongs to the BSM

• Joint acquisition during the marriage: if you bought the car together with your spouse during the marriage with funds belonging to the BSM (wages, savings), then the car will belong to the BSM.
• Pre-marital car financed from the BSM: if you had a car before the marriage but used BSM money to repair or improve it during the marriage, such a car could also be considered part of the BSM (at least with a part corresponding to the BSM money contributed).

When a car does not belong to the BSM

• Pre-marital car financed from own funds: if you had a car before the marriage and financed it yourself from your own money that you had before the marriage (salary, savings), then the car will not belong to the BSM.
• Inheritance or gift: if you received the car as an inheritance or gift from someone else during the marriage, the car will not belong to the BSM.
• Marriage contract: If you have a marriage contract with your spouse that excludes certain types of property from the BSM, and the car is part of this contract, then it will not be part of the BSM.

Do gifts belong to the BSM?

No, gifts do not usually belong to the community of property of the spouses. Gifts are generally considered to be the property of the spouse to whom they were given.

However, certain exceptions apply:

• Donor’s intention: if the donor (the one who donates the object) clearly proves that he/she has donated the object to both spouses jointly, the gift can be considered as part of the BSM. Evidence of such intention may be a gift deed or other written acknowledgement.
• Joint use of the gift: if the gift (e.g. money) has been used for the common needs of the family or for an investment in common property (e.g. renovation of a BSM flat), the other spouse can claim reimbursement for the funds spent from the gift.

When a gift does and does not belong to the BSM

Real estate as a gift
If parents give an apartment to their son, this apartment will not be part of the BSM of the son and his wife. However, if the parents state in the gift deed that they are giving the apartment to the son and his wife jointly, then the apartment will be part of the BSM.

Money as a gift
If a grandmother gives money to her granddaughter, this money will not be part of the BSM of the granddaughter and her husband. However, if the grandmother states in the gift agreement that she is giving the money to the granddaughter and her husband to renovate the house that is in the BSM, then in the event of a divorce, the funds from the gift could be considered to have been put into the BSM.

Do the winnings belong to the BSM?

Whether a lottery or other gambling winnings belong to the community of property depends on several factors. However, if one spouse gambles alone and wins, the winnings belong exclusively to him or her, even if he or she used money from the community property to play the game. The reason for this is that gambling is not considered to be a common interest of the spouses. Winnings from lotteries and gambling are exempt from income tax, so there are no tax liabilities associated with them.

How to annul a BSM

The community of spouses (BSM) can only be dissolved during the marriage for two legal reasons:

1. Acquisition of a business licence by one of the spouses
If one of the spouses acquires a business licence (trade licence, extract from the commercial register), the BSM may be dissolved from the moment of acquisition of the licence. The reason for this is to protect the other spouse’s assets from the risks of the business. After the dissolution of the BSM, the assets that previously belonged to the BSM are divided between the spouses by agreement or by court decision.

2. The continued existence of the marriage would be contrary to good morals
BSM can be dissolved even if the court finds that the continued existence of BSM would be contrary to good morals. This is a very serious reason which is assessed on a case-by-case basis. The court may take into account various factors such as:

• Permanent dissolution of marriage
• Abuse of the BSM by one spouse for unfair purposes
• Alcoholism or drug addiction of one of the spouses
• Domestic violence

The burden of proof is on the spouse who seeks the dissolution of the BSM on this ground.

Procedure for dissolution of BSM

1. If you want to dissolve the BSM, you have to file a petition with the court.
2. The petition must contain information about the spouses, the reason for the dissolution of the BSM and the proposal for the settlement of the BSM.
3. The petition must be accompanied by documents proving the reason for the dissolution of the BSM (e.g. trade certificate, divorce decree).
4. The court will then examine your proposal and decide on the dissolution of the BSM and the settlement of the BSM.

The dissolution of a BSM is a serious legal step with far-reaching consequences. Before filing a petition with the court, it is advisable to consult a lawyer to help you through the process and protect your interests. The dissolution of the BSM does not affect the spouses’ mutual maintenance obligations.

Why annul BSM

There are several reasons why you might decide to dissolve the community of property:

Asset protection

If one of the spouses is in business, the dissolution of the BSM can protect the other spouse’s assets from the risks of the business. In the event of the bankruptcy or indebtedness of the entrepreneur, the other spouse would not have to lose his or her assets belonging to the BSM. A BSM dissolution can also be useful if one spouse is prone to gambling, overspending or other irresponsible financial behavior.

More control over finances

After the dissolution of the BSM, each spouse has more control over his/her finances. The spouses manage their own income and expenses and do not have to keep each other informed of everything.

Easier division of property in case of divorce

If the spouses divorce, the dissolution of the BSM may make it easier for them to divide their property. Assets that belonged to the BSM will no longer have to be divided into two equal parts, but the spouses can agree on them as they wish. This can lead to less conflict and disputes in divorce.

Tax benefits

In some cases, the dissolution of BSM can bring tax advantages. For example, if one of the spouses runs a business, he or she can deduct tax expenses from his or her entire income after the dissolution of the BSM, not just half of it as in the case of a BSM. The dissolution of a BSM is not suitable for everyone. It is important to weigh up all the pros and cons and consult a lawyer before taking this step.

Dissolution of BSM and mortgage

The dissolution of the community of property (Cohabitation) and the mortgage are two separate topics that must be considered separately.

Effect of the dissolution of the BSM on the mortgage

• Co-borrowers: if you and your spouse took out the mortgage as co-borrowers, the annulment of the BSM has no direct effect on it. Both of you remain liable to the bank for the mortgage repayments. In the event of default on the mortgage, the bank can recover the debt from both of you, even if you have dissolved the BSM.
• Ownership of the property: the dissolution of the BSM does not affect the ownership of the property financed by the mortgage. If the property is registered in the Land Registry in the names of both spouses as co-owners, it will remain in their joint ownership unchanged after the dissolution of the BSM.
• Changing the mortgage repayment: if you want to change the way you repay your mortgage after the dissolution of the BSM (for example, one of you becomes the sole debtor or the amount of repayments changes), you must contact the bank and ask for its consent. The bank will assess your application and take into account various factors such as your creditworthiness and ability to repay the mortgage.

Is there an advantage of a dissolved BSM when applying for a mortgage?

The dissolved community of property can have certain advantages when applying for a mortgage, but also disadvantages.

Benefits

• Better creditworthiness assessment: if the mortgage is taken out on only one spouse, the bank will assess his/her individual creditworthiness. This means that only his or her income, expenses and credit commitments will be taken into account. If one spouse has a lower credit burden or a more stable income, the annulment of the BSM may help him or her to be approved for a mortgage with a better interest rate.
• Greater flexibility in disposing of the property: if the property financed by the mortgage is registered in the Land Registry in the name of only one spouse, he/she can dispose of it more freely. For example, he or she can sell it, donate it or mortgage it without the consent of the other spouse.
• Easier division of property in case of divorce: if the spouses divorce after the dissolution of the BSM, the division of the mortgage-financed property will be easier. The property will belong only to the spouse who is registered as the owner in the Land Registry.

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What conditions does the father have to meet in order to start maternity leave?

• On the day you start maternity leave, you are insured for sickness or are in the protection period after the end of your sickness insurance. The protection period for the insured person is 7 calendar days after the termination of sickness insurance.
• In the two years before taking maternity leave, you were insured for at least 270 days. This period includes not only periods of current sickness insurance but also periods of insurance from sickness insurance policies already completed.
• He declares on a form from the Social Insurance Office that he and the child’s mother have agreed that the father has taken custody of the child. This form can be requested from any branch of the social insurance office. They shall indicate on the form the exact date from which the father takes custody of the child.
• Neither parent may receive parental allowance, which is paid by the relevant Labour, Social Affairs and Family Office. This must be documented by a certificate from the Social Insurance Office.
• The child’s mother may not receive maternity pay for the same child or for a younger child.
• Marriage to the child’s mother is not a condition for the child’s father to qualify for maternity leave. The parents do not even have to prove the existence of a common household.
• If your father has more than one sickness insurance at the same time, if he is both self-employed and employed, the entitlement to maternity pay is assessed separately for each insurance.
• If the father is self-employed, he must have no more than €5 in sickness insurance arrears. If the father is an employee, the Social Insurance Institution does not monitor whether the employer has paid the sickness insurance premiums.
• In addition to the above-mentioned documents, the child’s father must also submit a “Maternity Application” to the social insurance office. If he/she is claiming from more than one insurance, he/she must submit the Application for Maternity Allowance from each insurance separately. As the father (another insured person) and not the mother applies for maternity benefit, the form will not be issued by the attending physician (gynaecologist) as in the case of the child’s mother, but will be provided by the relevant branch of the Social Insurance Institution. The form is not publicly available on the website of the Social Insurance Institution.

Date of entitlement to maternity pay and period of maternity pay

The father may take maternity leave at the earliest 6 weeks after the date of childbirth. If the mother receives maternity leave, the father may take maternity leave after the mother has completed her maternity leave. The father may choose any date for the start of the maternity leave, including when the child is one year old, two years old, etc. The maximum length of the father’s maternity leave is 28 weeks. A single father is entitled to maternity pay for 31 weeks. In the case of caring for two or more children, you are entitled to maternity pay for up to 37 weeks. The length of maternity pay is also limited by the age of the child. The father can receive maternity pay until the child is 3 years old at the latest.

Does a father on maternity leave have to stop working?

Yes, a father on maternity leave can work, but he cannot have income from the job that put him on maternity leave. However, it is not excluded that he may have income from other employment.

If the father is a sole trader or self-employed, he can be on maternity leave and continue his business at the same time. His entitlement to maternity pay will not be extinguished.

How is the amount of maternity pay for the father determined?

The amount of maternity pay is calculated by the Social Insurance Institution in calendar days. The father is entitled to maternity pay equal to 75 % of the daily assessment base. The daily assessment base for determining the amount of maternity pay is the sum of the assessment bases on which the father paid sickness insurance premiums in the reference period and the number of days in the reference period.

From 01.01.2017 to 31.12.2017, the maximum limit of the daily assessment base is set at EUR 58.0603.

The determining period may vary, depending in particular on whether the father is an employee or a self-employed person.

The maximum amount of maternity allowance is from 1.5 2017 in the amount of:

• EUR 1 350,00 in a 31-day month,
• EUR 1 306,40 in a 30-day month.

Maternity pay is paid monthly in arrears.

Father on maternity leave from the perspective of the Labour Code

In accordance with Section 166 of the Labour Code, the mother is entitled to both maternity leave and parental leave. The father is only entitled to parental leave. The father must give the employer at least one month’s notice in writing of the date of commencement of parental leave. He must also give at least one month’s notice of the date on which his parental leave ends. If the child’s father decides to take maternity pay under the Social Insurance Act, he asks his employer to grant parental leave.

The Labour Code does not preclude both parents from being on parental leave at the same time. . Therefore, the mother has the right to remain on parental leave even if the father is on parental leave at the same time. The mother does not have to return to work when the father takes parental leave.

If you are interested in this topic, please do not hesitate to contact us.

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What is a blank cheque?

A blank cheque is a blank cheque that contains pre-printed information such as the bank name and account number, but does not include the date, amount or payee.

For a better understanding, let’s take an example. Let’s say that this is a business in which the only authorized person who can issue and sign such checks is the owner of the business. He decides to go out of town for a few days. While he is away, he puts a subordinate in charge of the firm, to whom he issues three cheques signed in his (the owner’s) name in case of necessary or unexpected expenses. The owner must have absolute confidence in his employee that he will not attempt to misuse the blank check for his own purposes or lose it, and that it will be used only for relevant company and business-related expenses.

What is a cheque?

A cheque is a document issued by one party (the drawer) to authorise a bank or other financial institution to pay a sum of money to the person or entity named on the cheque (the payee). Cheques are used to transfer money from the issuer’s account to the payee’s account.

The cheque must contain some key information to be valid:

• Name and address of the exhibitor.
• Account number of the issuer.
• The name of the bank or financial institution where the issuer holds its account.
• The name of the payee to whom the money is payable.
• The exact amount of money to be paid, written in words and figures.
• Date of issue.
• Signature of the exhibitor.

The importance and use of cheques varies from country to country and their use has now been replaced in many areas by e-banking and other forms of digital payments. But in some situations, such as payments between large corporations or international transactions, cheques are still used.

Slovak law defining cheques

In Slovakia, the issuance and use of cheques is regulated by the “Bill of Exchange and Cheque Act

” (Act No. 191/1950 Coll.). This law defines what a cheque is, how it is issued and what rights and obligations the persons involved in a cheque transaction have.

It is important to note that while cheques are a common form of payment in some countries, they are relatively rarely used in Slovakia and many business entities do not accept them.

If you have specific questions about the use of cheques in Slovakia or need legal advice, it is advisable to contact a qualified lawyer or financial services professional. You can make arrangements directly with a consultation with our experts.

When is a blank cheque used?

This concept extends beyond financial transactions to any situation where an individual or group is given a free hand to determine their own course of action or decision-making.

How does it work?

The functioning of the blank cheque is therefore based on the principle of trust between the two parties. When someone issues such a cheque and the other party accepts it, the payee of the cheque is automatically entitled to fill in the details of the amount and sign as payee.

The cheque must be completed with all necessary information such as amount, name of payee, date and signature. The payee then presents the cheque to the bank, which checks that it is valid, that it contains the correct account number and that the drawer of the cheque has sufficient funds to cover the amount shown on the cheque. If everything is in order, the bank collects the amount of the cheque and transfers it to the payee’s account.

It is important to remember that the validity of a cheque may be limited to a certain time interval, for example 3 months from the date of issue, so it is important that both parties are aware of these terms and make sure that the cheque will be used within the specified timeframe.

Advantages of blank cheques in the business environment:

• Payment flexibility: allows businesses to tailor payment to the specific transaction and needs of the business partner. They can write a cheque for the exact amount they want to send and later specify the recipient.
• Ease of use: filling out the cheque is easy. Businesses can write it themselves without the need to outsource
• Currency flexibility: since the amount is not predetermined, entrepreneurs can operate with different currencies, which is a significant benefit in international trade agreements where different currencies need to be converted.
• Universality: the blank cheque is a recognised payment document in most countries.

Possible risks associated with their use

Of course, the fact that the blank cheque does not include all the necessary data also involves the risk of misuse. If it falls into the wrong hands, the fraudster may write out a larger amount or give the name of an arbitrary payee.

If the cheque is completely blank, i.e. the signature of the owner of the account from which the amount is withdrawn does not appear on it, the person concerned may forge his signature as well.

Payment may also be rejected or failed if the sender of the blank cheque does not have sufficient funds in his/her account to cover the stated amount.

The most notorious blank cheque abuse in history

One of the most famous cases of blank check abuse in history is the story of Frank Abagnale Jr., which was popularized in the movie Catch Me If You Can, starring Leonardo DiCaprio.

Frank Abagnale Jr. was an American con artist and identity thief who in the 1960s. in the 1920s. successfully defrauded numerous banks by presenting them with forged checks for millions of dollars. Abagnale was known for impersonating various professions, including an airline pilot, a doctor, and a lawyer.

His most famous trick was creating fake checkbooks with Pan American World Airways logos, where he posed as a pilot. He presented these checks for cashing at various locations around the world, earning hundreds of thousands of dollars.

Abagnale was eventually caught and convicted, but after serving his sentence he became a fraud prevention consultant for federal agencies and financial institutions. His story is an example of how a blank check can be misused and highlights the importance of verifying the identity and trustworthiness of the people we give access to our finances.

Safety and security when using blank cheques

• Keep them in a safe place where only authorised persons have access to them.
• It is a good idea to continuously check their number and monitor their use.
• If you are the sender, you should verify the identity of the recipient, especially for large amounts. Verifying identities and signatures can reduce the risk of fraud.
• Regular monitoring of payment accounts and active bookkeeping can help you detect unauthorised money transactions.

Bianco cheque FAQ

Here are some of the most frequently asked questions about the concept of a blank cheque.

What is a blank cheque?

A blank cheque is a cheque that is signed but does not have an amount specified. This gives the other party the opportunity to determine the amount as needed.

Is it safe to sign a blank cheque?

It is usually not safe to sign a blank cheque as it opens up the possibility of misuse. The other party can designate any amount and thus unexpected losses can occur.

In what situations is it appropriate to use a blank cheque?

A blank cheque can be used in situations where it is not possible to determine the exact amount to be paid, but it is important to remember that this should only be done when you fully trust the other party.

What does it mean to give someone a blank cheque in decision-making or power?

Giving someone a blank cheque in decision-making means giving them complete freedom or flexibility to make decisions without the need for the consent or control of others. This can occur, for example, in politics or in the management of a company.

What are the risks associated with providing a blank cheque in the area of decision making?

Risks may include abuse of power, inability to control decisions, lack of transparency and the potential for irresponsible or harmful decisions.

Is it legal to issue a blank cheque?

The legality of issuing a blank cheque varies depending on the country’s legal system. In some jurisdictions it may be legal, but even so it is often considered financially risky and not advisable. It is always best to consult with a bank representative or lawyer when taking such action.

In conclusion

The Bianco cheque is a payment instrument that offers businesses and individuals the benefits of flexibility and speed in making payments, but it is a good idea to use it judiciously and with a degree of caution to avoid potential misuse and theft of funds.

Článok Bianko’s cheque je zobrazený ako prvý na Highgate.

What is paternal?

Paternity allowance is a new type of maternity allowance, which is granted to a father to care for his child for a maximum of 2 weeks in the six-week period after the child’s birth. It is an entitlement for fathers to ‘time off’ to spend with their newborn child.

How long is paternity leave?

The duration of paternity leave is 14 calendar days (10 working days). If both parents are employed, one parent may take maternity leave and the other paternity leave. Fathers may take paternity leave within 6 weeks of the birth of the child.

Who is entitled to paternity leave?

The child’s father is entitled to paternity rights if he is:

• employee
• a self-employed person (self-employed) who is compulsorily insured for sickness
• voluntarily insured person with sickness insurance (DNPO)
• a natural person who has become entitled to paternity pay after the cessation of sickness insurance during the protection period

Protection period

A period of protection is a period of time during which certain legal acts or legal acts cannot be challenged or revoked. This period protects the rights and interests of the parties who have performed the act or acts in question and allows them to make decisions with greater certainty and without fear that their decisions will be challenged at a later date.

In the context of maternity leave, the protection period refers to the mother’s right to maternity pay and her right to return to work after maternity leave. The maternity protection period provides the mother with the certainty that she will not be dismissed from her job due to pregnancy or maternity leave and that she will be entitled to her full salary and other employment benefits when she returns to work.

Conditions for paternity

Not only employees but also self-employed persons may be entitled to “paternity” pay.

However, the following conditions must be met:

• provide care for the child
• have at least 270 days of sickness insurance in the two years preceding the date from which he applies for paternity pay
• be insured for sickness on the date from which he applies for paternity pay, or be in the protection period after the end of that insurance.

Due to the 270-day sickness insurance requirement, self-employed persons who are neither compulsorily nor voluntarily socially insured are not entitled to the “paternity allowance”.

How to apply for paternity leave?

The child’s father can apply for paternity allowance through the “Application for maternity allowance by another insured person“, which is available on the website of the Social Insurance Institution as of 1 November 2022.

The completed and signed form, certified by the employer (if the child’s father is an employee), is delivered to the relevant branch of the Social Insurance Institution.

If the child’s father applies for an extension of the 6-week support period by the calendar days during which the child was admitted to the inpatient care of a medical institution for medical reasons on the part of the child or his mother (outside the standard postnatal care), if the day of admission falls within the period of six weeks from the date of birth (i.e., the paternity benefit wants to be paid for the above reason even after the expiry of six weeks after the birth), the application must be accompanied by a certificate of the period of the child’s hospitalisation, or a certificate of the period of the child’s admission to the hospital. The application must be accompanied by a certificate of the hospitalisation of the child (e.g. a medical report or a medical certificate).

Paternity leave vs. maternity leave

To simplify, paternity pay is a new form of benefit that the father of a child can receive. It is a social insurance sickness benefit paid to the child’s father by the Social Insurance Institution, but bear in mind that this paternity leave is already maternity leave for the father (if you are entitled to maternity leave).

So the 14 days off is not extra, but it will reduce (by 2 weeks) your “maternity leave”, which is 28 weeks for the father. So if you take paternity leave, the maternity pay for the father will not be 28 weeks, but 26 weeks (when caring for one child up to the age of three).

Maternity leave for fathers lasts a maximum of 28 weeks, 31 weeks for single men and 37 weeks for fathers caring for two or more children (twins, triplets, etc.).

During paternity leave, the child’s mother can continue to receive maternity or parental benefits, so that both parents receive social benefits during the 14 days of paternity leave. However, if the father decides to take maternity benefit, the mother would no longer be able to receive maternity benefit or parental allowance from the Office for Labour, Social Affairs and the Family.

Amount of paternity

The amount of the paternity allowance is 75 % of the daily assessment base (DAB) or the probable daily assessment base (PDVZ) according to Section 53 of the Social Security Act. However, similarly to the “maternity allowance”, the calculated daily assessment base may not exceed 75% of the statutory maximum daily assessment base, which means that:

• in 2022 may not exceed 75% of 74.4987 euros, i.e. j. 55,8741 euros
• in 2023 may not exceed 75% of 79.6274 euros, i.e. j. 59,7206 euros.

Thus, in 2023, the father of a child can receive a maximum of €836.10 during 14 days of paternity leave.

Psychological and social benefits of paternity leave

Paternity leave has many social benefits for both father and child.

Here are a few of them:

• Fathers can spend time with their child and help mothers in caring for him.
• This helps to strengthen the bond between father and child.
• Fathers can gain valuable experience in caring for a baby and understand what all goes into caring for a newborn baby.
• The father’s work-life balance is improving.

Conclusion

The new Act on the Family and on Amendments to Certain Acts introduces changes in the area of paternity leave and maternity allowance. From 1. November 2022, the duration of paternity leave will be extended to 14 days and the amount of income paid to the father will be increased. On the other hand, it should not be forgotten that this is not an “extra benefit” but a maternity benefit for the father (if he is entitled to it) and the father’s maternity leave will be reduced by 2 weeks.

Článok Paternity leave in 2023 je zobrazený ako prvý na Highgate.

A country’s critical infrastructure includes systems and activities that are essential to the successful functioning and security of the country. If these systems are disrupted or destroyed, there can be serious consequences for society, the economy and national security.

Critical infrastructure typically includes the following sectors:

1. Energy: supplies electricity, gas and other energy resources to households, businesses and public institutions.
2. Water: provides access to drinking water and the disposal and treatment of wastewater, thereby protecting public health and the environment.
3. Information and Communication Technology (ICT): this sector provides telecommunications, internet, radio and data services that are key to communication, business and government.
4. Transport: provides mobility of people and goods by road, rail, air and water.
5. Health: provides basic health services and medical care, including hospitals, clinics and outpatient clinics.
6. Financial services: ensures the functioning of the financial system, including banks, insurance companies and stock exchanges.
7. Agriculture and food security: ensures sufficient food for the population and maintains food production capacity.
8. Security services: ensures the protection of the population and the state through police, fire, military and other security forces.
9. Production and distribution of basic goods: ensures the production and distribution of basic goods and services necessary for the functioning of the company.
10. Government and public services: manages the running of the state and the provision of essential public services, including education.

Concepts

Critical infrastructure is also defined as productive and non-productive systems, the non-functioning of which would have serious impacts on security, the economy, the maintenance of the necessary range of other basic functions of the state in crisis situations and the provision of the basic needs of life of the population.

• Critical infrastructure protection is a process that, taking into account all risks and threats, aims to ensure the functioning of critical infrastructure entities and the links between them.
• Critical infrastructure actors are the owners and operators of productive and non-productive systems that create critical infrastructure products or provide critical infrastructure services.
• Critical infrastructure objects are selected public infrastructure structures and facilities and other elements owned or operated by critical infrastructure entities.

Essential shops and services in Slovakia

Food shops and supermarkets

Essential trade in Slovakia is food stores and supermarkets, where the population buys food and daily necessities. In the event of unpredictable situations such as pandemics or natural disasters, these stores provide food and basic necessities for the population.

Pharmacies

Pharmacies are another of the essential stores that provide medical needs to the residents. They offer both prescription and over-the-counter medications, as well as medical devices and other supplies. In times of crisis, pharmacies are a key source for medical supplies and information.

Healthcare facilities and services

Healthcare facilities such as hospitals, outpatient centres and health clinics provide essential services in Slovakia. These facilities provide treatment and care for patients with a variety of health problems and are a key element in the fight against pandemics and other public health crises.

Police and fire services

The police and fire services ensure the safety and security of the population.

Water and energy services

Water and energy services are considered critical infrastructure of the state because they are essential to provide for the basic needs of the population and the functioning of the economy. Water utilities provide drinking water and provide wastewater disposal, while energy utilities provide electricity and natural gas to households, industry and other institutions.

Failure of these services can have serious consequences for public health, the economy and public safety. Lack of drinking water can cause disease and threaten public health, while lack of electricity can lead to disruption of critical systems and services such as health facilities, security systems and public utilities.

Banks

Banks are considered critical infrastructure of the state because they are essential for the functioning of the economy and the financial system. Banks provide services such as money storage, credit, money transfers, currency exchange and investment services that are essential for running businesses and meeting the needs of citizens.

An outage of banking services can have serious consequences for society as a whole, such as the inability to make payments, the loss of citizens’ savings, the failure of business transactions and the destabilisation of the financial market. For this reason, the critical infrastructure of the banking system is protected against a variety of threats, including cyber-attacks, terrorist attacks and natural disasters.

Most countries have strict safety standards for the banking system and the operation of banks is under the control and supervision of the central bank and other regulatory authorities. These authorities ensure that banks have sufficient capital to withstand unexpected losses and that measures are in place to protect against a variety of risks and threats.

Municipal services

Utilities are considered critical infrastructure of the state because they provide for the basic needs of the population and are essential to maintaining public health and safety. Utilities include drinking water supply, sewerage, waste collection and disposal, public lighting, public transportation, and other services that provide for the basic comfort and safety of the public.

The loss of these services can have serious consequences for public health and the environment, as well as for the overall quality of life of the population. For example, inadequate drinking water supply can cause disease, waste collection and disposal can cause pollution and spread of disease, lack of public transport can limit access to work and education.

Pumping stations

Slovnaft has a special position in the emergency situation in Slovakia, its network of petrol stations is subject to the critical infrastructure of the state. This means that it provides fuel for rescue and security forces.

Telecommunications and internet

Critical electronic communications infrastructure consists of physical electronic communications and information technology equipment, networks and assets which, if destroyed or rendered inoperable, invariably impact not only the electronic communications infrastructure as such, but also the other critical infrastructure of the state.

Internet and telecommunications outages can have serious consequences for the economy, communications, health and public safety. For example, it can cause disruption to critical systems and services such as financial transactions, health services, security systems and public services. In the event of a crisis, the Internet and telecommunications can be a critical factor in providing information and coordinating rapid and effective action.

Essential stores legislation

The term “essential traffic” or essential shops and services were frequently invoked during the Covid-19 pandemic. We find the term “critical infrastructure of the state” in the law and it specifically regulates this: Act No. 45/2011 Coll. – Act on Critical Infrastructure .

The importance of essential shops and services in Slovakia

Essential shops and services are essential to everyday life and the functioning of society. They provide basic needs such as food, medicine and health services, and ensure the safety and comfort of residents. Their importance was further underlined during the COVID-19 pandemic, when it was necessary to ensure the continuation of these services and access to essential goods despite restrictions and closures.

Conclusion

Essential stores and services in Slovakia are an integral part of our lives and ensure the successful functioning of society. As citizens of the Slovak Republic, we should be grateful for their presence and the ever-improving services they provide. It is important to recognize the value of essential shops and services and support them in our communities to maintain the quality of life we are accustomed to.

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